小尾寒羊泌乳期母羊能量需要量及代谢规律研究

选择有代表性的小尾寒羊泌乳母羊6只，分成哺育单羔和双羔两组，每组3只，分泌乳前期（1～30天），泌乳中期（31～60天）和泌乳后期（61～90天）3个阶段进行饲养试验、消化代谢试验、呼吸测热试验及屠宰试验等研究。两组试羊均按NRC（1978）推荐的绵羊泌乳期哺育双羔母羊能量需要量供给代谢能和其它养分。结果表明，在本研究条件下，小尾寒羊泌乳母羊（包括哺育单、双羔者）在整个泌乳期内的平均日干物质（DM）、有机物质（OM）、代谢能（ME）和泌乳量分别为1689g，1571g，19．893MJ和653g。DM、OM和总能（GE）表观消化率分别为70.71％，72．58％和70．34％，代谢率（MEI／DEI）为84．89％。甲烷能占GEI的9．18％。每日畜体产热量（HP）为625．5KJ／kgW0.75。研究还表明：小尾寒羊泌乳母羊的每日维持代谢能和净能需要量分别为582．6和460KJ／kgW0.75，每户1kg原乳需要10802KJ的代谢能。维持效率为0．790泌乳效率为0．479，HI占GEI的18．10％。分析结果证明，试羊的泌乳量、采食量、畜体产热量和能量转化效率在单、双羔之间均无显著差异（P＞0．05）。小尾寒羊泌乳母羊的代谢能总需要量（MER）可用下式估计：羊羔：MER＝576．9W0.75＋10810M；双羔：MER＝588．2W0.75＋10794M；平均：MER＝582．6W0.75＋1     

红壤柑桔园硼铜镁营养失调的诊断

根据植株外部症状及叶片、土壤分析结果,确诊福建省长泰县岩溪果场椪柑和蕉柑出现的叶片黄化、早期落叶等现象,系硼、铜过量及缺镁综合诱发的植株营养失调。发病植株叶片硼、铜含量明显超过适宜值,分别达110～258ppm和26～41ppm;镁含量偏低,为0.22％～0.31％。初步认为连年喷布(或土施)硼肥和波尔多液,以及土壤酸度过高是导致柑桔植株硼、铜、镁营养失调的直接原因。     

新疆某猪场母猪繁殖障碍病病原学检测和毒株鉴定

2018年4月,新疆某规模化繁育猪场出现大量母猪流产,产死胎、木乃伊胎等繁育障碍症状。为确诊病因,采集胎儿组织和母猪流产分泌物,通过普通PCR、RT-PCR、real-timePCR技术,对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、弓形虫4种病原进行检测。结果显示,PRRSV检测呈阳性,PRV、PPV和弓形虫检测呈阴性。通过PRRSV特异性引物NSP2进行PRRSV毒株鉴定,确定该猪场存在PRRSV类NADC30毒株。结果表明,类NADC30毒株是导致该猪场出现母猪繁殖障碍的重要病原,说明该新型毒株已经蔓延到新疆地区,并开始对该地生猪养殖业造成危害。本试验为新疆地区猪场母猪繁殖障碍的病因调查提供了依据。     

2014-2018年广西6种猪主要病毒性繁殖障碍疫病流行病学调查

试验旨在了解广西猪主要病毒性繁殖障碍疫病的发生态势,为预防和控制此类疫病提供科学依据。采用RT-PCR/PCR方法对2014年3月至2018年2月采自广西的349份流产胎儿样品进行猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)及猪乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)6种主要病毒性繁殖障碍疫病病原的检测并分析其阳性检出率在不同年份、季节之间的差异及病原混合感染情况。结果显示,2014-2017年,6种病原的猪场阳性率从高到低依次为JEV(36.00%)、PRRSV(16.00%)、PCV2(9.00%)、PRV(7.00%)、PPV(6.00%)和CFSV(5.00%),样品阳性检出率从高到低依次为JEV(27.06%)、PRRSV(6.18%)、PRV(5.88%)、PCV2(3.82%)、CSFV(2.35%)和PPV(2.35%)。季节因素对6种病毒性繁殖障碍疫病的发生有一定影响:JEV在夏季、秋季检出率较高,春季、冬季检出率较低;PRRSV一年四季检出率均较高,且无明显差异;PCV2在春季检出率较高,其次是夏季和冬季,秋季检出率较低;PRV在春季、冬季检出率较高,夏季、秋季检出率均为0;PPV在夏季检出率较高,其次是春季和秋季,冬季检出率为0;CSFV在冬季检出率最高,其次是夏季,春季和秋季检出率均为0。流产胎儿以单一感染为主,6种病毒均存在不同程度单一感染情况,单一感染率JEV最高(23.82%)、PCV2最低(0.59%);混合感染以双重感染为主,其中以2016年双重感染情况较多,且感染组合多样;三重感染情况较少、仅在2016年送检样品中发现1例,未发现四重及四重以上感染情况。调查结果表明,2014-2017年,JEV均有较高的阳性检出率,已成为广西部分猪场母猪流产最主要病毒性病原。PRRSV和PRV仍是目前引起广西猪场母猪流产的主要病毒性病原。     

高原地区肉鸡能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率测定及其方法的研究

采用经典全收粪代谢试验方法和Sibald强饲快速法，在青海省西宁地区测定了爱拔益加肉仔鸡的能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率，并对肉用公鸡和蛋用公鸡的代谢率进行了比较。结果表明，高原地区肉用公鸡生长期（29-60日龄）的能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率随日龄的增加而降低；日粮能量、蛋白水平对其能量代谢率无影响，对氮和氨基酸代谢率有影响。35-38日龄和57-60日龄期间，肉用公鸡的能量代放率和总氨基酸代谢率显著低于蛋用公鸡；4-5月龄肉用公鸡的表观能量代谢率显著低于蛋用公鸡。未去盲肠公鸡对豆粕、肉骨粉、脱毒菜籽饼的氨基酸表观和真代谢率高于去盲肠鸡；公鸡去盲肠后对低纤维素日粮中的消化率影响较大；内源物矫正对鸡代谢试验测定结果具有可靠性和精确性。用体外胃蛋白酶法测定的三种蛋白质饲料的氨基酸代谢率与体内法具有较好的回归关系。     

小尾寒羊泌乳期蛋白质需要量及其代谢规律的研究

选用6只小尾寒羊泌乳母羊，通过饲养试验、消化代谢试验、比较屠宰试验等手段，研究其蛋白质需要量。结果表明，小尾寒羊泌乳母羊代谢粪氮（MFN）和内源尿氮（EUN）的排出量分别为0．1312和0．13459／kg·W0.75·d。小尾寒羊泌乳期维持可消化粗蛋白需要量为1．51W0.75g／d，每产1kg奶需可消化粗蛋白829。小尾寒羊泌乳母羊的可消化粗蛋色总需要量（RDCP，g／d），可按下式求得：RDCP＝1．51W0.75＋82MP式中：W0.75——代谢体重，kg；MP——为产奶量，kg。     

Oropharyngeal dysphagias in the dog: A cinefluorographic analysis of experimentally induced and spontaneously occurring swallowing disorders

Cinefluorography and videofluorography were used to record and analyze functional swallowing deficits of 12 dogs with spontaneously occurring oropharyngeal dysphagias and six experimental dogs with selected neurectomies. Ten of the 12 dogs had dysphagias affecting the cricopharyngeal stage of the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing. Two dogs had mixed oropharyngeal dysphagias. Clinical signs of cricopharyngeal dysphagia could not be differentiated from those of dysphagias due to pharyngeal or mixed oropharyngeal deficits. Signs of cricopharyngeal dysphagia consisted of: 1) repeated attempts to swallow; 2) excessive head movement; 3) dropping food from the mouth after unsuccessful swallowing attempts; 4) reingestion of dropped food. Nine of these dogs had cinefluorographic evidence of asynchrony between the normal pharyngeal contraction and relaxation, and subsequent cricopharyngeal relaxation and contraction. Only one dog demonstrated a consistent cricopharyngeal non-opening (achalasia). Seven of the dogs responded dramatically to cricopharyngeal myotomy. Two dogs with mixed oropharyngeal dysphagias had poor contractility of the pharyngeal muscles in addition to cricopharyngeal dysphagia. Clinical and cinefluorographic evaluation following cricopharyngeal myotomy of one dog verified exacerbation of functional deficits due to the iatrogenic cricopharyngeal chalasia. Esophagopharyngeal reflux accentuated the contrast medium retention in the pharynx and laryngotracheal aspiration. The need was stressed for careful differentiation between cricopharyngeal dysphagia and dysphagias involving the pharyngeal stage. Four experimental dogs with selective bilateral neurectomies of branches of the glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves were evaluated clinically and cinefluorographically in an attempt to identify the pathogenesis of cricopharyngeal dysphagia. The variable results in the four dogs and the observed recovery in two dogs suggested that peripheral motor nerve deficits are not a major cause of cricopharyngeal dysphagia. Glossopharyngeal neurectomy in two dogs induced a profound functional disorder involving the pharyngeal and cricopharyngeal stages and the esophageal phase of swallowing. This would support a new hypothesis that the glossopharyngeal nerve is sensory to the esophagus as well as the pharynx, and may play a major role in disorders of the pharynx, upper esophageal sphincter, and esophagus, including congenital or acquired megaesophagus.     

Effect of nutrition during calfhood and peripubertal period on serum metabolic hormones, gonadotropins and testosterone concentrations, and on sexual development in bulls

The objective of the present study was to characterize the effects of nutrition on circulating concentrations of metabolic hormones, gonadotropins, and testosterone during sexual development in bulls. Nutrition regulated the hypothalamus-pituitary-testes axis through effects on the GnRH pulse generator in the hypothalamus and through direct effects on the testes. Pituitary function (gonadotropin secretion after GnRH challenge) was not affected by nutrition. However, nutrition affected LH pulse frequency and basal LH concentration during the early gonadotropin rise (10-26 weeks of age). There were close temporal associations between changes in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and changes in LH pulse frequency, suggesting a role for IGF-I in regulating the early gonadotropin rise in bulls. The peripubertal increase in testosterone concentration was delayed in bulls with lesser serum IGF-I concentrations (low nutrition), suggesting a role for IGF-I in regulating Leydig cell function. Serum IGF-I concentrations accounted for 72 and 67% of the variation in scrotal circumference and paired-testes volume, respectively (at any given age), indicating that IGF-I may regulate testicular growth. Bulls with a more sustained elevated LH pulse frequency during the early gonadotropin rise (high nutrition) had greater testicular mass at 70 weeks of age relative to the control group (medium nutrition), despite no differences in metabolic hormone concentrations after 26 weeks of age. Therefore, gonadotropin-independent mechanism regulating testicular growth might be dependent on previous gonadotropin milieu.